Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( how did nelson mandela die)

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela  (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013)  was a South African revolutionary, political leader and philanthropist who served as President of south Africa  from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of nelson mandela fact state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress ( ANC) Party from 1991 to 1997.

Mandela in 1994
Born - Rolihlahla Mandela 18 July 1918
Mvezo, Cape Province, Union of South
Africa (now Eastern Cape)
Died - 5 December 2013 (age 95) 
Johannesburg, South Africa

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Although critics on the right Denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the far left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid's supporters, he gained international acclaim for his activism. widely regarded as an icon of  democracy and social justice he received more than 250 honor's, including the Nobel Peace Prize. He is held in deep respect within south Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the "Father of the Nation". nelson mandela quotes 

Childhood: 1918 - 1934

Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of the Cape Province of South Africa.  Given the name Rolihlahla,  a term Xhosa colloquially meaning "troublemaker",  in later years it became known by the name of his clan, Madiba.  His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was the king of the Thembu people in the Transkeia territories of the modern Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela (1880-1928), was a local leader and advisor to the monarch;  he was appointed to office in 1915 after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a white ruling magistrate. In 1926 Gadla was also fired for corruption, but Nelson was told that his father had lost his job for resisting the magistrate's unreasonable demands.  Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the House of the Right Hand and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. Nelson mandela awards 

The Rivonia Arrest and Trial: 1962--1964

On August 5, 1962, police arrested Mandela and fellow activist Cecil Williams near Howick.  Many Knesset members suspected that the authorities had received a communication regarding Mandela's whereabouts, although Mandela himself gave these ideas little credence.  In later years, Donald Rickard, a former US diplomat, revealed that the CIA, which had feared Mandela’s association with the Communists, had informed South African police of his location.  Imprisoned in Marshall Square Prison in Johannesburg, Mandela was accused of inciting labor strikes and leaving the country without permission.  Mandela introduced himself with Slovo as legal counsel, and he intended to use the trial to demonstrate "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while his supporters demonstrated outside the court.  He moved to Pretoria, where Winnie could visit, and began his studies by correspondence to obtain a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree from the University of London International Programs.  The hearing began in October, but he obstructed the proceedings by wearing traditional cross-dress, and he refused to summon any witnesses, and turned his case into a political speech.  Found guilty and sentenced to five years' imprisonment;  On leaving the courtroom, his supporters sang nelson mandela wifeIt fought against white domination, and it fought against black domination.  She has upheld the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.  It is an example that I hope to live for and see fulfilled.  But if necessary, it is an ideal that I am ready to die for. Nelson mandela children 

Rivonia Mandela Trial Speech, 1964 

On July 11, 1963, police raided Lillesleaf's ranch, arrested those she found there and uncovered papers documenting the MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela.  The Rivonia trial began at Pretoria's High Court in October, and Mandela and his cohorts were charged with four counts of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government by force.  The chief prosecutor was Percy Leotard.  Judge Quartos de Witt quickly dismissed the prosecution's case for lack of evidence, but Leotard reworked the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 to February 1964, summoning 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photos to trial.  How did nelson mandela dieAlthough four of the defendants denied being involved with the MK, Mandela and the other five accused confessed to sabotage, but denied their consent to wage a guerrilla war against the government. They used the trial to shed light on their political case.  At the opening of the defense proceedings, Mandela gave his three-hour speech entitled "I Am Ready to Die."  This speech - inspired by Castro's book History Will Execute Me - was widely circulated in the press despite official censorship.  The trial received international attention.  There were global calls for the release of the accused from the United Nations and the World Peace Council, while the University of London Union voted for Mandela to preside over it.  On June 12, 1964, Judge de Witt found Mandela and two of the defendants guilty of all four counts;  Although the prosecutor had called for the death penalty to be applied, the judge sentenced them to life imprisonment instead. How old was nelson mandela when he died

Robben Island: 1964 -1982

In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to Robben Island prison, where they remained for 18 years.  Mandela was isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, and was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw rug to sleep on.  The inmates of the Rivonia trial were subjected to verbal and physical harassment by several white prison guards, and spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until they were reassigned in January 1965 to work at a lime quarry.  At first, Mandela was banned from wearing sunglasses, and the lime glow permanently damaged his eyesight.  At night, he worked on his LLB degree from the University of London through a correspondence course with Wellsy Hall, Oxford, but newspapers were banned, and he was locked in solitary confinement several times for possession of smuggled news clippings. It was initially classified as the inmate's lowest grade, Category D, meaning that he was allowed one visit and one letter every six months, although all messages were tightly controlled.

Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999

It was installed in Pretoria on May 10, 1994, televising one billion viewers around the world.  Mandela headed a national unity government dominated by the ANC - which had no experience governing herself - but which included representatives from the National Party and the Incatha.  Under the transitional constitution, the LNP and the NDP are entitled to government seats by virtue of winning at least 20 seats.  In keeping with previous agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were granted the position of Vice President.  Although Mbeki was not his first choice for the job, Mandela grew and relied heavily on him throughout his presidency, which allowed him to craft policy details.  Moving to the presidential office at Twinhuis in Cape Town, Mandela allowed de Klerk to keep the presidential residence on the Groot Shore estate, and instead settled in the nearby Westbrook Mansion, which he renamed "Gennadendal," meaning "Valley of Mercy" in Afrikaans.  [245] He kept his home in Houghton, and he also had a house built in his village of Kono, which he visited regularly, toured the area, met locals, and settled tribal disputes. At the age of 76, he faced many illnesses, and despite showing his constant energy, he felt isolated and lonely.  He often entertained celebrities like Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls, and befriended super-rich businessmen, such as Harry Oppenheimer, the Anglo-American.  He also met Queen Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from the ANC's anti-capitalism.  Despite his lavish surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his annual income of 552,000 Rials to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had established in  media outlets, stating that it is overwhelmingly owned and run by white middle-class people and believes it is too focused.  Intimidation about crime. 

In December 1994, Mandela published "Long Walk to Freedom," an autobiography based on a manuscript he wrote in prison, supported by interviews with American journalist Richard Stengel.  In late 1994, he attended the 49th ANC Congress in Bloemfontein, at which a more restrictive national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela.  Although she expressed an interest in reconciliation, Nelson began divorce proceedings in August 199 They first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, as Machel accompanied him on many of his foreign visits. Mandela advocated the eventual establishment of a classless society, [386] and Sampson described it as "openly opposed to capitalism, private land ownership, and the power of big money."  Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism.  He denied being a communist in the treason trial, [389] and held to this position when speaking later to journalists, [390] and in his autobiography.  According to sociologist Craig Soden, "Mandela was sympathetic to socialism, he was not a communist."  393] Whereas historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had absorbed a lot of Marxist-Leninist ideology by 1960. nelson mandela contributions 

Ellis also found evidence that Mandela was an active member of the Communist Party of South Africa during the late 1950s and early 1960s, [119] something that was confirmed posthumously by both the ANC and the South African party, which the latter claimed was not a member of  Not only the party, but also served on its central committee.  His membership was concealed by the ANC, realizing that knowledge of Mandela's previous involvement in SACP may have been detrimental to his attempts to attract support from Western countries.  Mandela's view of these Western governments differed from those of Marxist-Leninists, because he did not believe that they were anti-democratic or reactionary and remained committed to democratic regimes.The 1955 Freedom Pact, which Mandela helped create, called for the nationalization of banks, gold mines, and land, to ensure a fair distribution of wealth.  Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated the privatization program during his presidency in line with trends in other countries at the time.  It has been repeatedly said that Mandela favored the development of a social democratic economy in South Africa, but this was not possible as a result of the international political and economic situation during the early 1990s.  This decision was partly influenced by the fall of the socialist states in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc in the early 1990s.

Reception and legacy

By the time of his death, Mandela was widely regarded within South Africa as "the father of the nation"  and the "founding father of democracy".  Outside of South Africa, he was a "universal icon,"  with South African studies researcher Rita Barnard describing him as "one of the most respected figures of our time".  One of the autobiographers considered him a "modern democratic hero".  Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms, contrary to his statement, "I was not a Christian, but I was a common man who became a leader due to extraordinary circumstances."  Martin Luther King, Jr. as one of the exemplary 20th century leaders against racism and colonialism.  Boehmer described it as "a totem of the totemic values ​​of our times: tolerance and liberal democracy" and a "universal symbol of social justice".

Mandela's international fame came to light during his imprisonment in the 1980s, when he  icon for millions who embraced the principle of equality between people.  In 1986, Mandela's became the most famous prisoner in the world, a symbol of the cause of anti-apartheid, and an icon for millions who embraced the principle of equality between people.  In 1986, Mandela's biographer described it as "the embodiment of the liberation struggle" in South Africa.  Meredith stated that when he became a "powerful symbol of resistance" to apartheid during the 1980s, he gained "legendary status" internationally.  Sampson commented that even during his lifetime, this myth had become "so strong that it blurs the facts", and he turned Mandela into a "secular saint".  Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was widely seen as a "golden age of hope and harmony," with much nostalgia.  His name has often been invoked by those who criticize his successors like Mbeki and Zuma.  Around the world, Mandela was internationally recognized for his activism in overcoming apartheid and promoting racial reconciliation,  and came to be seen as a "moral authority" with "great concern for the truth."  Mandela's iconic stature has been blamed for concealing the complexities of his life.

Mandela sparked controversy throughout his career as an activist and politician, having had critics on the right and the radical left.  During the 1980s, Mandela was widely classified as a terrorist by prominent political figures in the Western world for his embrace of political violence.  According to Thatcher, for example, the ANC was a "model terrorist organization".  The US government’s departments of state and defense officially designated the ANC a terrorist organization, resulting in Mandela remaining on the terror watch list until 2008. On the left, some ANC voices - among them Frank B.  Wilderson III - by selling for agreeing to enter negotiations with the apartheid government and not implement Freedom Charter reforms during his presidency.  According to Barnard, “There is also a feeling that his main influence and manner of conduct, the respect and authority he has acquired in representing his nation in his person, are inconsistent with the spirit of democracy”,  and the interests were likewise expressed that he placed his stature and fame above the transformation in his country. His government will be criticized for failing to deal with the HIV / AIDS pandemic and high poverty levels in South Africa.  Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi and Suharto - whom critics consider dictatorships - as well as for his refusal to condemn their governments' human rights abuses. Nelson mandela fact