koh-i-noor /where is kohinoor diamond now/

 Koh-i-Noor (/ ˌkoʊɪˈnʊər /; Urdu: - र, illuminated by "mountain of light"), also spelled Koh-i-Noor (/ koʊɪˈnʊər /; Urdu: - र, illuminated "Mountain" Light ”), also labeled Koh-i-Noor, is one of the world's largest diamonds weighing 105.6 carats (21.12g). It is part of the British Crown Jewels koh-i-noor price. 

Replica of the Koh-i-Noor

Probably excavated in the Kollur Mine, India, during the Katatiya Dynasty, there is no record of their first weight - but the oldest weight record. It was later acquired by Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji. Diamond was also part of the Mughal peacock's throne. kohinoor diamond curse

Control was passed between different factions in South and West Asia, until it was given to Queen Victoria after the discovery of the British Punjab in 1849, duri.

Originally, the stone was a cut similar to other diamonds of the Mughal period, such as Darya-i-Noor, now found in the Iranian Crown Jewels. In 1851, it was shown at the Great Gallery in London, but the finished cut failed to impress viewers. Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, ordered them to be cut back into shiny oval by Coaster Diamonds. By modern standards, the stop (point below the value) is unusually wide, giving the image of a black hole when you see a stone face to face; Yet gemologists consider it "full of life."

Since its history involves a great struggle between men, Koh-i-Noor has made a name for himself in the British royal family by bringing bad luck to anyone who wears it. Since coming to the UK, it has been worn only by members of the female family. Victoria wore a stone in a barrel and in a circle. After her death in 1901, she was crowned Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII. She was crowned Queen of the Virgin Mary in 1911, and was eventually crowned Queen Elizabeth (later known as The Queen Mother) in 1937 with her coronation as Queen Consort.

Today, diamonds are on display at the House of Jewelers in the Tower of London, which millions of visitors see every year. The governments of India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan demanded the legitimacy of Koh Nur and demanded its return since . The British government insists that the gemstones are legally acquired under the Lahore terms of the latest Agreement and ha.

Origin

Diamonds may have been mined from the Kollur Mine, a series of 4-foot (13 feet) pits deep in the southern bank of the Krishna River in Golconda (now Andhra . It is impossible to know exactly when to find it anywhere, and there are many uncertain ideas of its original owner.

Original history

Babur, the Turco-Mongol founder of the Mughal Empire, wrote of "famous" diamonds weighing just over 187 - about the size of Koh-i-noor 186 carats. Some historians believe that the Babur diamond is the first reliable reference to Koh Nur. According to his notes, it was acquired by Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Khilji dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate, when he conquered the . Later moving to the later Sultanate emperors, Babur received the Almas in 1526 as a gift to conquer Delhi and Agra in the Battle of Panipat.

Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, laid a stone on the throne of the decorated peacock. In 1658, his son and successor, Aurangzeb, imprisoned the ailing governor of Agra. While under the control of Aurangzeb, it was allegedly cut by Hortense Borgia, a Venetian jeweler seller, reducing the weight of a large . For this negligence, Borgia was fined and fined $ 10,000. According to a recent study, the allegation that Borgia cut diamonds is untrue, and she may have been li.

After the conquest of Delhi in 1739 by Nader Shah, Shah of Al Afsharid of Persia, his army plundered the treasurer of the Mughal Empire in an orderly and co. In addition to millions of rupees and various historical jewelry, Shah also owned the Koh Nur ship. Koh Noor shouted! , Persian and Hindi-Urdu as "The Mountain of Light", when he discovered the famous stone. One of his friends said: “If a strong man throws four stones - one in the north, one in the south, in the east, another in the west, and a fifth in the air - and if . "After the assassination of Nader Shah and the fall of his empire in 1747, Ko Noor fell into the hands of his grandson, who in 1751 gave Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Afghan Kingdom. Ahmed's grandson, Shuja Shah Durrani, was wearing a Kohinoor bracelet during a visit to Mount Stuart Elphinsto. A year later, Shuja formed an alliance with the United Kingdom to help prevent any possible attacks. From Afghanistan is Russia. He was soon overthrown, but fled with a diamond to Lahore, where Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh empire, insisted, in order to obtain his hospitality, that the treasures were given to him, and he acquired them in 1813.

Ranjit Singh's legacy

Ranjit Singh has been looking for diamonds by Lahore dealers for two days to make sure Shuja does not cheat on him. After jewelers experts confirmed his authenticity, he donated 125,000 rupees to Shuja. Ranjit Singh then asked Amritsar miners to estimate the value of diamonds; Jewelers declare that the value of diamonds "exceeds all a". Ranjit Singh then tied the diamonds to the front of his hat and showed the elephant to enable his subjects to see the diamonds. He used to wear it as a sign of the arm during major festivals such as Diwali and Al Dossira, and he carried it with him during his travels. It will showcase distinguished guests, especially British officials.

One day, Ranjit Singh asked former diamond owners - Shuja and his wife Wafa Begum - to estimate their value. Wafa Begum responded that if a strong man threw a stone at the four corners of the cardinal and straight, the value of Koh Noor could be more than gold and . Ranjit Singh went crazy for stealing Koh-e Noor, because in the past, another precious treasure was stolen from him while he was drunk. Store diamonds inside a high-security area at Gobindgarh Castle where it can be used. When the diamonds were to be transported, they were placed in a basket in a guard room; The other 39 camels had similar baskets placed in the caravan. Diamonds were always placed in the first room directly behind the guards, but a great secret was kept about the camel she was carrying. Only Egypt's Billy Ram, Ranjit Singh's treasurer, knew which camel had diamonds.

In June 1839, Ranjit Singh suffered a stroke for the third time, and it was revealed that he would soon die. On his deathbed, he began donating his valuables to charitable organizations, and he appointed his eldest son, Khark Singh, as his . The day before his death, on June 26, 1839, a heated argument erupted in his court over the fate of Koh Nur. Ranjit Singh himself was too weak to speak and communicate using gestures. Bhai Gobind Ram, the Brahmin administrator of Ranjit Singh, stressed that the king commends Koh-e-Noor and other treasures at a. However, Treasurer Billy Ram emphasized that the state property was not the property of Ranjit Singh, so it should be transferred to Kharak Singh. After the death of Ranjit Singh, Billy Ram refused to send diamonds to the temple, hiding them in them. His screens. Meanwhile, Khark Singh and Prime Minister Dian Singh have issued orders that diamonds should not be mined in Lahore.

In the hands of Gulab Singh

On October 8, 1839, the new Emperor Khark Singh overthrew his Prime Minister Dian Singh. Prime Minister Gulab Singh's brother, Raja Jammu, had Koh Nur. Kharak Singh later died in prison, and soon followed the tragic death of his son and successor Nao Nihal Singh on November 5, 1840. Gulab Singh held on to the stone until January 1841, when he brought it to Governor Sher Singh for favor. After her brother Dian Singh negotiated a ceasefire between Sher Singh and Empress Chand Kaur. Gulab Singh tried to protect the widow Queen in her castle in Lahore, during two days of fighting and bombings by Sher Singh and her troops. In addition to Koh Noor's commitment, Gulab Singh returned peacefully to Jammu due to a firefight with gold from the treasury.

Acquisition of Queen Victoria

On March 29, 1849, after the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Punjab State was officially incorporated into corporate governance, and the Final Treaty of Lahore was signed, officially granting Kohinoor to Queen Victoria and Maharajah. Other company assets. The third clause of the Convention states:

A treasure called Koh Noor, taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh from Shah Suga Molk by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was taken to the Queen of England. The biggest signing of the 11-year-old Maharaja Dolip Singh's contract was his Commander-in-Chief Tej Singh, loyal to Ma. and Britain, after the First British and Sikh War.

The governor-general in charge of ratifying the treaty was the Marquis of Dalhousie. How he helped to transport diamonds was even criticized by some of his contemporaries in Britain. While some believe it should have been given to Queen Victoria as a gift by the East India Company, Dalhousie apparently believed the. , The youngest son of Ranjit Singh. The launch of Koh Noor's East India Company at the Queen was the latest in a long history of diamond transfers where Dolip Singh was placed. In the British Army he works in the Bengal Presidency. Dolip Singh will move to England in 1854.

A trip to the UK

On March 29, 1849, after the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Punjab State was officially incorporated into . Other company assets. The third clause of the Convention sets out the following:

A treasure called Koh Nur, taken by Maharaja Ranjit Singh from Shah Suga Molk by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was taken to the Queen of England. Significant signing of the 11-year-old Maharaja Dolip Singh's contract was his Commande. and Britain, after the First British and Sikh War.

The governor-general in charge of ratifying the treaty was the Marquis of Dalhousie. How he helped to transport diamonds was even criticized by some of his contemporaries in Britain. While some believe it should have been given to Queen Victoria as a gift by the East India Company, Dalhousie apparently believed the stone was a spoils of war, and treated it appropriately, while ensuring it was officially donated by Dolip Singh. , The youngest son of Ranjit Singh. The launch of Koh Noor's East India Company at the Queen was the latest in a long history of distributing diamonds as a popular war booty. Dolip Singh has been placed under the tutelage of Dr. John Lujain, a British Army surgeon working for the Presidency of Bengal. Dolip Singh was to move to England in 1854, and in time, Governor-General Koh-e Noor received from Drs. Luojin, who was appointed General of the Castle, on April 6, 1848 and receipt of December 7, 1849, in the presence of members of the Punjab Board of Directors: Sir Henry Lawrence (Chairman), CG Mansell, John Lawrence, and Sir Henry Elliott (Secretary of State of India). John Lawrence left the stone in his trouser pocket when it was sent for washing, and he was overjoyed when the servant found it and returned it immediately. On February 1, 1850, the gem was placed in a small metal safe inside a red transmitter box, both sealed with red tape and wax wax and stored in a box at Bombay Tresere waiting fo. He was then sent to England to be presented to Queen Victoria under the command of Captain J. Ramsay and Prievitt Lieutena. It left Bombay on April 6 and entered HMS Medea, led by Captain Lockyer. The ship had a difficult journey: the spread of cholera on the ship while in Mauritius made locals want to leave, and they asked their captain to open the ship and destroy it if there was no response. Shortly thereafter, the ship was hit by a violent storm that lasted for about 12 hours.

Rapture of 1852

Initially, the diamond had 169 faces and was 4.1 cm (1.6 in) long, 3.26 cm (1.28 in) wide and 1.62 cm (0.64 in) deep. There was a high dome, with a flat base and triangular and rectangular sides, similar to the typical appearance of some of the Mughal period diamonds now found in the Iranian crown jewels. Disappointment in the look of the stone was unusual. After consultation with miners, including Sir David Brewster, Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, decided to, with government approval, polish Koh Noor. One of the largest and most famous Dutch diamond dealers, Moses Koster, was hired for the job. One of the most experienced craftsmen, Levi Benjamin Forsinger, and his assistants were sent to London.

On July 17, 1852, he started cutting at the Garrard & Co factory in Haymarket, using a steam mill made for this work by Maudslay and Sons and Field. Under the direction of Prince Albert and the Governor of Wellington, and the artistic direction of the Queen's mineralogist, James Tennant, the fragments took thirty-eight days. Albert spent a total of £ 8,000 on the process, which reduced the weight of the diamond from 186 carats (modern 191 carats or 38.2 grams) to 105.6 carats (21.12 grams). The stone is 3.6 cm (1.4 in) long, 3.2 cm (1.3 in) deep and 1.3 cm (0.5 in) deep. Bright diamonds usually have fifty-eight faces, but kohl light has eight “star” sides around the kulit, making a total of sixty-six. The reason for the massive weight loss is somehow due to the fact that Fozanger has found several errors, one of which is too big, which he sees fit to remove. Although Prince Albert was dissatisfied with the massive cuts, many experts agreed that Forzinzin made the right decision and performed his duties with impunity. While Queen Victoria donated her cut diamonds to young Maharaja Dolip Singh, the last non-British owner of Koh Noor, she seemed unable to speak for several minutes afterwards. The simplest but most radiant stone was placed in a honeysuckle bowl and a ring worn by the queen. By this time, it was his own property, and it had not yet become part of the Crown Jewels. Although Victoria wore it often, she was concerned about how diamonds could be obtained. In a letter to his eldest daughter Victoria, Princess Royal, he wrote in the 1870's: “No one feels more powerful than I am in India or how much they oppose our deportation and I think nothing will be taken away, because it is wrong and wrong for us. You also know how to do it right. I like to wear Koh-i-Noor. "

The value of the crown

After the death of Queen Victoria, Koh Noor was crowned Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII, who was crowned king in 1902. The diamonds were passed on to the throne of Queen Mary in 1911, and finally the Queen Mother's Crown was crowned in 1937. When Queen Mama died in 2002, a crown was placed over her coffin to rest in the kingdom and at the funeral. All of these crowns are on display at the House of Jewelers in the Tower of London with crystal-like designs set on ancient crowns. The first bracelet given to Queen Victoria Victoria can be seen there. The Koh Noor glass model shows visitors what they looked like when they were brought to the UK. Repetition of diamonds and diamond production can be seen in the "Vault" exhibition at the Nature History Museum, London. During World War II, the Crown Jewels were transported from their home in London Tower to Windsor Castle. In 1990, the Sunday Telegraph, quoting the history of the French general, Jean de Latre de Tigne, and his widow Simon, reported that George VI had hidden koh Nur on the ground in a pond or pond near Windsor Castle. About 20 miles [32 km] outside of London where he lived until after the war. The only people who knew about this hiding place were the king and its librarian, Sir Owen Murshid, who apparently revealed the secret to the general and his wife during a visit to England in 1949.

India

The Indian government, believing that these treasures really belonged to them, initially called for the return of Kohi Noor as soon as independence was achieved in 1947. A second request was made in 1953, the year of the installation of Queen Elizabeth II. The British government has always denied the allegations, saying the monarchy was not negotiable.

In 2000, several members of the Indian Parliament signed a petition demanding the return of these diamonds to India, claiming that they had been illegally seized. British authorities said various allegations made it impossible to prove the original owner of the diamond, and that it was part of the estate. Britain for more than 150 years.

In July 2010, during a visit to India, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, said of returning the diamonds, "If you say yes to one of them you will suddenly find that the British Museum will be empty. I'm afraid to say, they will have to stay." On a later visit in February 2013, he said, " that. " kohinoor diamond ring price in india

In April 2016, India's Ministry of Culture said it would make "every effort" to arrange for Koh-e Noor to return to India even though the Indian government had earlier acknowledged that the diamond was a gift. The Attorney General of India has made a statement before the Supreme Court of India over a public case committed by a campaign group. "It was voluntarily given by Ranjit Singh to the British as compensation for aid in the Sikh wars. Nur nothing was stolen," he said. kohinoor diamond in india

Pakistan

In 1976, Pakistan confirmed ownership of the diamonds, saying that their return would be "convincing evidence of a spirit that forced Britain to voluntarily relinquish its royal responsibilities and lead to a process of state separation." In a letter to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, James Callahan wrote, “I do not need to remind you of the various hands of the past two hundred years. , or that a clear indication of their access to the British throne was found in the peace treaty. With Maharaja of Lahore in 1849. I could not advise his Majesty the Queen to give him up. "

Afghanistan

In 2000, Taliban foreign spokesman Faiz Ahmad Faiz claimed Koh Nur was Afghanistan's official territory, and demanded that it be transferred to the state. He said, "The history of the diamonds shows that they were moved from us (Afghanistan) to India, from there to Britain. We have a much better claim than the Indians." The Afghan lawsuit is based on Shah Shuja Durrani's diary, alleging that he brought diamonds to Ranjit Singh while Singh abused his son in front of him, thus claiming

Possible waiver

Due to the quadripartite dispute over the legal ownership of diamonds, various compromises . This includes dividing the diamonds into four, one for Afghanistan, India and Pakistan, and the last half for the British Crown. Another suggestion is that the stone be placed in a private museum on the Wagah border between India and Pakistan. But this proposal does not meet the needs of the Afghan, or the current British reality. The British government has rejected the ban, and since then the British government has said that the status of diamonds "cannot be changed".

According to popular tradition

Koh-i-Noor first appeared in the popular culture of Monstone (1868), a nineteenth-century British novel written by Wilkie Collins who is often regarded as the first full-fledged English novel. In the introduction to the first edition of the book, Collins claims to have supported the "stone of the moon" named after him in the history of two stones: Orlov, an 189.62 carat (37.9 g) diamond on the Russian imperial wall, and Koh-i-Noor: in the Penguin Books -1966 of the moonstone, Jim Stewart claimed that Collins used JC King's book The ancient and modern history of gemstones ...

Koh-e Noor also appears in Agatha Christie's 1925 book The Secret of Chimneys as they are hidden somewhere inside a large country house and are found at the end of the novel. The diamond was stolen from the Tower of London by a Paris gang leader who replaced it with a symbolic stone.